Layering keeps you warm outside and comfortable inside. Getting the right fabrics in the right order makes all the difference.
Quick take
- Health Canada recommends dressing in layers with a wind-resistant outer layer in extreme cold.
- A base layer that moves moisture away from your skin, such as merino wool or synthetic fabric, keeps you warmer than cotton.
- Cover your head, hands, feet and face; Environment and Climate Change Canada warns exposed skin can freeze in minutes at very low wind chills.
- If you get wet, change into dry clothes as soon as you can, because wet clothing loses heat quickly.
Layering is the most practical way to dress for winter. Several thinner layers trap warm air between them and let you adjust as you move between the cold outdoors and warm buildings.
The three layers
| Layer | Job | Good fabrics |
|---|---|---|
| Base | Moves moisture away from skin | Merino wool, synthetic thermal fabrics |
| Mid | Insulates and traps warm air | Fleece, wool sweaters, down or synthetic vests |
| Outer | Blocks wind and wet | Wind-resistant, water-resistant insulated coat |
Health Canada advises dressing in layers with a wind-resistant outer layer in extreme cold, and wearing warm socks, gloves, a hat and a scarf.
Don’t forget the extremities
- Head: a warm toque that covers your ears.
- Hands: mitts for the coldest days; gloves when you need to use your fingers.
- Feet: insulated, waterproof boots with good grip and warm, dry socks.
- Face: a scarf or neck warmer to cover your nose and cheeks in wind.
Style tip
Keep a spare pair of socks and mitts in your bag in winter. Changing out of damp ones is one of the quickest ways to warm up.
Wind chill and frostbite
Wind makes cold air feel colder and speeds up heat loss. According to Environment and Climate Change Canada, at wind chill values between −28 and −39, exposed skin can freeze in 10 to 30 minutes; at −40 to −47, in 5 to 10 minutes; and at −48 to −54, in 2 to 5 minutes. Check the forecast and wind chill before heading out.
Stay safe
Health Canada says mild frostbite makes skin look yellowish or white while still soft; in severe frostbite, skin can blister, turn black and lose feeling, and needs immediate medical attention. Shivering, numb hands, slow movements and confusion can be signs of hypothermia. For severe frostbite or hypothermia, call 9-1-1.
Stay dry
Wet clothing loses heat quickly. If you get wet from snow, rain or sweat, change into dry clothes as soon as you can.
Put it together
A good coat is the most important layer; our guide to choosing a winter coat explains what to look for. For milder days as winter turns to spring, see our transitional outfit ideas.
Your style questions
Why avoid cotton next to the skin in winter?
Cotton holds on to moisture from sweat, and damp fabric pulls heat away from your body. Wool and synthetic base layers stay warmer when you sweat.
Are mitts warmer than gloves?
Generally, yes. Mitts keep your fingers together, so they share warmth. Gloves are better when you need dexterity.
How do I stay warm without overheating indoors?
Layers you can remove are the answer. Take off your outer layer and a mid layer as soon as you’re inside.
